The essence of governance lies in enriching the people. The steady advancement of common prosperity stands as a central objective in the new era, with digital finance offering a novel pathway toward its attainment. Enterprises, serving as key entities that adopt digital finance, generate social wealth, and fulfill social responsibilities, act as critical micro-level agents and operational hubs in translating the empowerment of digital finance into tangible outcomes for common prosperity. From a micro-enterprise perspective, this study examines the impact of digital finance on common prosperity. The findings reveal that a stronger inclination toward digital finance adoption at the enterprise level correlates with better performance in advancing common prosperity. Grounded in New Structural Economics and Principal-Agent Theory, the mechanism analysis is conducted from two dimensions: overall prosperity and shared prosperity. The results indicate that digital finance facilitates enterprise participation in common prosperity by enhancing material wealth creation, improving primary distribution, providing fiscal support for redistribution through taxation, and promoting corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, it is confirmed that overall prosperity serves as the material foundation for shared prosperity. This research offers theoretical insights and policy implications for fostering the development of digital finance and realizing its potential in driving progress toward common prosperity.