Abstract:In retail operations，retailers usually have limited access to market information before the start of the selling season. The inventory that ends up as unsold in primary markets can be significant．Thus，retailers look for strategies such as selling in the secondary markets at a discounted price．In this paper，we formulate a two-stage model for this problem and analyze the properties of the model under a more relaxed demand assumption．Finally，we derive optimality conditions for the retailers’ordering quantity decision and switching timing decision of seasonal goods．

Abstract:Based on CVaR risk measure criterion，this paper investigates revenue sharing contracts ( RSC) for a supply chain with a risk-averse retailer and sales effort effect，from which some managerial insights are developed．It discusses the retailer’s optimal ordering decision and promotional effort decision．It explores the channel coordination issue via a conventional RSC and an improved RSC，and analyses the relationships between the contract parameters．It concludes that，when the wholesale price is given，the more risk-averse the retailer is，the bigger the ratios of its revenue-sharing and cost-sharing are under the improved RSC． Finally，it investigates the impact of the retailer’s promotional effort and risk aversion on the feasible domain of RSCs， and points out that both the sales effect and risk aversion reduce the feasible range of the efficient contracts， and the introduction of cost-sharing mechanism helps eliminate the adverse impact of promotional effect on the contract feasible region．

Abstract:To study whether high idiosyncratic risk indicates high information efficiency，this paper extracts the volatility caused by information infusion from the residual variance of CAPM model，and finds it has great explanatory power to idiosyncratic risk．Meanwhile，the intrinsic risk of the firms is incorporated into the price by informed trading．Secondly，the authors analyze the elements of PIN and point out that the combined effect of informed trading and noise trading leads to contrary empirical evidences in current researches．In the end， this paper discusses the idiosyncratic risk based on the definition of information efficiency and shows there is no direct relation between R2 and information efficiency．

Abstract:With respect to the fuzzy information of multi-unit multi-attribute exchanges in E-brokerage，this paper employs fuzzy set theory to represent the traders’orders with fuzzy information and proposes a new calculation method of matching degree based on the improved fuzzy information axiom from both the buyers’and sellers’points of view． Afterward，a mathematic model is built to maximize the matching degree and the trade quantity，and the model belongs to a class of nonlinear multi-objective transportation problems．According to the complexity and characteristics of the model，a multi-objective discrete differential evolution with Prüfer-encoding is developed to solve it．The model is useful and the algorithm is effective，which is verified by the simulation experiment and results analysis．

Abstract:The successful use of inter-organizational information systems ( IOS) has become a key element in improving firm performance．In the process of IOS usage，systems，business process and management process are coordinated by the inter-organizational relationship and knowledge behavior．Based on the social capital and knowledge related theories，this study builds a theoretical model to explain how the social capital influences IOS assimilation．The hypotheses are tested using the partial least squares ( PLS) analyses method．The results demonstrate that the two important dimensions of social capital—structural capital and cognitive capital—affect IOS assimilation significantly，which are mediated by the process of knowledge acquisition; the other important dimension of social capital—relationship capital—is also important to IOS assimilation，but it is affected by the causal relationship of the three dimensions of social capital．Conclusion of this study will enrich the information systems assimilation theory，and guide firms to absorb IOS better．

Abstract:The Stochastic Demand Inventory Routing Problem ( SDIRP) is a typical NP-hard problem and is also the key to implementing Vendor Managed Inventory ( VMI) strategy． This paper analyses the optimal strategies to SDIRP under direct delivery policy，Milk-Run delivery policy without vehicle capacity constraint， and Milk-Run delivery policy with vehicle capacity constraint，respectively．It is proved that ( s，S) policy is the optimal inventory policy for the first two kinds of SDIRP．The third kind of SDIRP can be solved after being transformed into the first two kinds of SDIRP via Fixed Partition Policy ( FPP) ．Then，the properties of the optimal strategies to SDIRP are analyzed，and the lower and upper bound of the parameters for the optimal strategy are given．An algorithm is proposed to solve the first two kinds of SDIRP．Finally，this paper presents a numerical example to analyze the efficiency of the algorithm and discusses the practical application of ( s，S) policy under the fixed route delivery policy．

Abstract:In this paper，we consider a decentralized supply chain that consists of one original equipment manufacturer( OEM) and one contract manufacturer( CM) ．In order to conclude a business，the OEM needs to bargain with the CM and to consider the risks from the random demand of customers and the random supply of the CM．Since the selling prices of both parties are private information in the bargaining，we model a Bayesian game to get the equilibrium prices which give each party the maximum utility．Then，we demonstrate the concavity of the expected profit of the OEM and the CM，and model a Stackelberg game to get the optimal ordering and production decisions．Finally，we propose a contract combining shortage penalty and surplus purchase to coordinate the supply chain．By adjusting the contract’s parameters，we can make the decentralized supply chain’s profit equal the maximum profit under the centralized setting．

Abstract:To generate adequate distribution routes for relief materials after an earthquake is the kernel of an effective traffic management system． By considering the road network partially destroyed by earthquake and the traffic control executed to avoid traffic congestion，the post-earthquake multi-depot relief distribution problem was explored to improve the rescue efficiency and reduce the influence on non-victim people．A multi-objective optimization model for user equilibrium-based post-earthquake relief distribution problem was developed to minimize the earliest start time of emergency response and the disturbance of traffic control of non-victim people．A no-dominate sort genetics algorithm ( NSGA-II) was designed to solve the model．Finally，the 1994 Northridge earthquake is taken as an example to verify the model and algorithm．The results show that the earliest start time of emergency responses can be advanced by implementing traffic control measures at the expense of the travel inconvenience of non-victim people．Given the end time of emergency responses，the earliest start time of emergency responses can be calculated according to the material consumption speed，and the corresponding traffic control strategy can be set down．